Sickle cell disease (SCD) is a group of genetic disorders in which an abnormal Hb molecule (HbS) transforms RBCs into sickle-shaped cells, resulting in chronic anemia, vasoocclusive episodes, pain, and organ damage. ![]() Radiation therapy is used in adults but not in children, and stem cell transplantation is used for patients with aggressive disease. Management is with chemotherapy or targeted drugs. Diagnosis is made by lymph node biopsy, bone marrow biopsy, or both. T-cell NHLs include adult T-cell lymphoma and mycosis fungoides. B-cell NHLs include diffuse large B-cell lymphoma, follicular lymphoma, Burkitt lymphoma, mantle cell lymphoma, and marginal zone lymphoma. ![]() Clinical features include lymphadenopathy and hepatosplenomegaly, but some individuals present with extranodal involvement and abnormal lab findings. Like Hodgkin lymphoma, which has distinct pathologic features and treatments, NHL often presents with constitutional signs of fever, night sweats, and weight loss. Most pediatric cases are aggressive and high-grade (but curable) in adults, low-grade subtypes are more common. ![]() Non-Hodgkin lymphomas (NHLs) are a diverse group of hematologic malignancies that are clonal proliferative disorders of mature or progenitor B cells, T cells, or natural killer (NK) cells.
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